Blank immigration notes

Industrial Revolution Effect replace cheaply unhygienic living conditions, â€Å"Their standard way of life was one of slow starvation. † Population increased; on the rise. More people competed for fewer resources, land. Food, Jobs Political & Religious Persecution Eastern Europe Jews could not move beyond the Pale† Stripped of their legal rights, (1/3 of Europe. Pop) The Lure of Life in America Newspaper articles & letters painted USA as a â€Å"Lollipops on every corner† American businesses 1 OFF â€Å"Gold on the sidewalk†, and †¦ Why? Hardships – Used all of their savings (Getting from interior lands to coastal port cities was The Journey Across the Atlantic Steamship Accommodations ; 8-14 days; steel hull ships First & second class was unaffordable for MOST immigrants – no windows, no ventilation, cramped On Average: Living Conditions in Steerage Uncomfortable at best, inhumane at worst No sunlight, no fresh air, smell unbearable Con tagious diseases ( Cabin Class Replaced steerage after it was removed This is where 1st and 2nd class were accommodated We Have Arrived! Arriving in America 75% of all immigrants Passengers crowded the decks to see their new homeSkyscrapers to the northeast, to the west. Most memorable moment, immigrants seeing Lady Liberty â€Å"l Looked with wonder on this miraculous land of our dreams. † Who can quote the plaque at the base of the Statue of Liberty? â€Å"Give your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me. I lift my lamp beside the golden door. † After Just passing the Statue of Liberty, lay the , legal and medical inspections 1st & 2nd Class Inspections 1st & 2nd Class passengers simply prepared forArriving at Ellis Island and entered the USA Steerage passengers Most passengers boarded crowded barges ; Separated into Hope, fear, excitement, uncertainty O n the whole, it was an † † policy Weed out weak and mentally defective exam and then a more thorough exam Escorted to holding rooms for additional examinations shoulder with chalk † for heart problems † for hernia † for lameness † for mental difficult , looking for and Mark your right Upon completion of medical inspections, the Legal Inspections: The Registry Hall After medical inspection, immigrants faced a iron railings was next in tight lines shaped by Match answers from ship manifest with face-to-face answers Name Change? Schoolbooks = Smith The Final inspection Lasted only Asked to confirm answers from manifest If immigrants passed all the inspections†¦ They were free to go – Ethnic Enclaves Leaving Ellis Island After approval, immigrants sought the next step of their Journey. After arriving in US, New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia By 1920, 75% of foreign-born residents lived in cities Settled in † † or ethn ic neighborhoods Living Conditions City Tenement Buildings Cities ill-equipped to handle massiveStreets filled with waste due to inadequate sewage systems , run-down, low-rent apartments clustered together in poorest areas of cities Some examples from a city worker in New York City Building with People 3 room apartment people Perils of Tenement Living Toilets in yards; coal stove for heat One social worker could not locate a single bathtub in more than three city blocks in tenement housing 40% of immigrants developed Rural Living Conditions 60% of immigrant (HIGH MIR) Some settled in California, Midwest, Florida Relatively Midwest Blizzards, , dust storms Working Conditions The Immigrant Workforce Mostly American industries were growing rapidly Desperate, wanting leave agricultural Jobs in Europe Worker exploitation, intolerable working conditions work hours per week Dangerous, unsanitary, uncomfortable Improved Standard of Living? Despite horrible conditions, most were better off t han they were in Europe $ per year in Europe, in US for farm laborers.America's Treatment of Immigrants American Natives Native-born Americans viewed new immigrants with fear, hostility, suspicion belief was based on new immigrants posing a threat Deep-seated Americans of northern/western Europe looked down on southern/eastern Europeans British, German, Scandinavian people were considered â€Å"free, energetic, progressive† Slavic, Mediterranean, Jews were viewed as â€Å"historically down-trodden, atavistic [inbred], and stagnant Natives worked to restrict the number of immigrants Literacy tests, preventing † Asked for laws restricting number of immigrants allowed to enter 1921, Established for the number of immigrants the US would accept from each country Dialing Bill marked the end of the immigration † in US history. Greatest † policy, ending the

Back Pain Causes And Effects Health And Social Care Essay

Back hurting is considered to be the most common grounds for physician visits ; it is the largest cause of work-related absence. Back hurting is known as Lumbago and can be defined as mild to severe hurting or uncomfortableness in the country of the lower dorsum. The hurting can be acute ( sudden and terrible ) or chronic if it has lasted more than three months. Strains or sprains of the musculuss and ligaments of the dorsum are the most common cause of ague back hurting. Injuries, degenerative diseases and Functional back hurting due to instability are other grounds of back hurting. First of wholly, harmonizing to ( Chambers R. , 2007, p.41 ) â€Å" Most of the back strains and sprains occur after a sudden motion associated with bending or distortion, and raising heavy objects † . Therefore, occupations affecting lifting, transporting, forcing, drawing, take downing and keeping traveling objects have a high hazard of acquiring back hurting. For case, kids with their school books or mailmans who carry weight on one side may develop great back hurting. P.Fysh ( 1995 ) , citied in his survey Back Pain in School Children that in ( 1994 ) a Norse survey, by Trousler identified the prevalence of back hurting in a group of 1,174 school kids at 51 per centum was due to backpacks. This survey besides found significance in the hazard factors like age and genders those kids. Furthermore, back hurting that consequences from occupation nature is extremely reported among workers who have to go forth a weighty objects. Harmonizing to Kincla & A ; Davis ( 2009 ) â€Å" Carpenters and other building workers who install wallboards have high rates of strains and sprains to the low back and shoulder † ( p.305 ) . Furthermore, musculus strain can happen in the back merely like anyplace else in the organic structure, and most likely to impact people in their mid-fortiess, although it can go on at any age. Striving the back musculuss is characterized by sever hurting and inability to travel. Since strain has several impacts on the organic structure, it can do the musculuss to pull or travel in such a manner that they sustain awful cryings. Besides it might take the sinews and the ligaments that attached the musculuss to loss its snap, by drawing excessively far on a musculus, and the country around it can go inflamed which leads to muscle hurting. The 2nd major cause of back hurting is gestation. Normally back hurting and gestation together. Unfortunately this type of back hurting last for several hebdomads to few months with pregnant adult females. Its grounds can change. It can be due to organic structure alterations for illustration, hormonal alterations, or it might be due to extra weight the adult females may derive during the gestation period. The organic structure endocrines in the pregnant adult female tend to loosen up the ligaments and the musculuss that attached to pelvic, to let foetus and uterus growth may do many alterations in the organic structure and back hurting can be a side-effect of these alterations. Besides â€Å" A difference in endocrine degrees can do musculuss and ligaments to go more relaxed, particularly during the last few months as the organic structure is acquiring ready for labour â€Å" from ( Back Pain and Pregnancy, 1999. , parity, no ) . Extra to that, the consequence of the excess weight and organic structure position adds excess strain on the pregnant adult females by drawing the musculuss. This means if the pregnant adult females is keeping twins it is decidedly the attractive force on musculuss will be great. Silva A. ( 2004 ) aloud echoed that: The weight of the babe can ensue in a higher grade of curvature of the lower spinal column, intending ligaments and musculuss must accommodate and sometimes can experience strained. The Centre of gravitation will be easy altering besides, maintaining a house base with pess shoulder width apart will assist to antagonize this ( p.34-5 ) . and gestation period may develop what cognize as â€Å" Pregnancy-Related low Back Pain ( PLBP ) , this type of Back Pain frequently lead to other jobs with † Significant physical, psychological, and socioeconomic deductions † , harmonizing to Silva ( 2004, p.39 ) . In add-on to that the sleep wont perturbations frequently associate with such hurting. Beside all these effects, fright of abortion ever is a pregnant adult females concern ; related to long classs pain killer medical specialty is used and prescribed or concerns of havening kid with inborn jobs. However gestation back hurting can be minimized and avoided, standing up directly and straight the musculus by exercising such as swimming are good illustration of minimising the dorsum hurting. Although, the primary bar is by non sitting in one place for long clip, but massage therapy would be the best technique to utilize as it is emphasized by Silva â€Å" Curative massage for low back massage is thought to supply low back hurting alleviation by bettering blood flow, cut downing musculus stiffness, increasing scope of gesture, and raising endorphin degrees in the organic structure † ( 2004, p.51 ) . The 3rd major cause of back hurting is related to the degenerative disc diseases in the back ; as portion of the natural procedure of turning older. In fact, it is non an existent disease therefore it affect an aged and retired people. It starts with the disc ( shock absorber ) that consists of the gelatin and lays between the vertebras in the back bone. Over the clip this disc slips out and leads the jelly inside the disc to leaks and loses its ability to absorb dazes. Pressing on the nervus and taking into sever pain that may radiate to hip and legs are the big leagues effects of disc prolapsed. This job is widely spread among immature work forces who performer a heavy work, but it is still see to be ageing process disease. R. Windsor ( 2008 ) stressed on this point when he stated in his article that â€Å" Low Back Pain secondary to degenerative disc disease is a status that affects immature to middle-aged individuals with peak incidence at about 40 old ages besides he pointed th at the prevalence of disc devolution additions with age † . Furthermore, depression, isolation and limitation in activities are effects of degenerative Disk disease. It is good documented that physical hurting can take to feelings of depression, but a new survey from the University of Alberta shows the contrary can be true, every bit good. When Dr. Linda Carroll, a professor in a Department of Public Health Sciences, led the survey that shows â€Å" Depression is a hazard factor for oncoming of terrible cervix and low back hurting † ( 2003, p.3 ) . The survey is published in the Journal Pain. Besides this, people who suffers from battalion hurting may be given to be isolated from others due to fear of farther hurt and defeat sing their status. This mental position can besides indirectly damage the dorsum. â€Å" Mental emphasis, dissatisfaction at work, depression and hurt can all play a function in back hurting. These factors may re-enforce comparatively minor hurting signals ensuing in a much more present hurting esthesis † ( Carroll L. 2003, p.5 ) . So, there is a strong connexion between emphasis and back hurting, when the tenseness created by emotional emphasis can give you a back hurting. Besides Stress causes the musculuss to fasten up. The musculuss may strain up so much and they go into painful cramps. Then it followed by cut down blood flow to the tissues and eventually the dorsum is less capable of digesting even mild work load. However, this type of back hurting can be besides avoided by commanding and cut downing the sum of exposure to tensenesss and nerve-racking life state of affairss. Yoga is a really popular signifier of relaxation therapy that increases musculus strength as it calms and works out emphasis. In add-on to that exercising is of import to cut downing emphasis, by making early forenoon walk and implemented as a hebdomadal modus operandi in the individual life. Last, there are about as many ways to forestall back hurting as there are bad behaviours that cause it. Socioeconomic is another side consequence of degenerative or disk diseases. Peoples who suffers back hurting have to pay a batch of medical sweeps that includes doctor fees which is typically high, medicine cost and physical therapy. Finally this intervention costs are frequently hard to be afforded by them. Extra to this, back pain lead to work absenteeism, statistic shown by ( Parthan A. 2005, p.14 ) â€Å" estimated the one-year loss in productiveness due to endorse hurting in the United States to be about $ 28 billion. The loss in productiveness is chiefly due to absenteeism from work † . Despite antecedently discussed causes of back hurting, there are still many grounds need to be reviewed like, hurt where all the types injures consequences several back jobs, started with strains and terminal with back bone break and ne'er amendss. ( Windsor, 2008 ) has written â€Å" It is normally acknowledged that back hurt is the most serious wellness job experienced by most of the universe ‘s work force † . However, Injury consequences from autumn, route traffic accidents, and athleticss hurt. or even originate from direct blunt impact Objects. Any hurt to the dorsum can do amendss to environ soft tissue of the spinal column, bruised and inflamed. And besides, some clip amendss exceed the tissue to make the bony and nervus construction. Subsequently on the spinal column becomes stiffer. These hurts may varies can be range from mild, chair to break up. A good illustration of Midland moderate back pain hurt is strain, really treatable in its tow signifiers. But sever hurt may take to palsies or even decease at the hurt oncoming. To sum up, aside from the usual side effects of back hurting, like the perturbation of your kiping wonts and the trouble in sitting still during extended periods of clip, the existent concern should be addressed to the causes for back hurting. Unfortunately since back musculuss are the hardest on the job musculus group in the organic structure, back strivings are a frequent happening which indirectly effects it being the hardest to place status. It is a good investing to larn all about back hurting, the causes and the side effects of back hurting, and how it is prevented or if the status is happening, how best to alleviate the consequence.

Change

Wideman wonders about the youth today. There are too many of them running around doing nothing with their lives. Seeping through the cracks and who is going to be there to help them out. Will Obama? Wideman wonders â€Å"How will President Barack Obama attempt to seal the cracks they slip through? Not cracks in the pavement of Grand and Essex, but the cracks of broken promises, the cracks that have divided and conquered the will of a nation to treat all citizens equally†(858). It seems the questions never end, but what else can they do but wonder. The world stands and waits for the next move, but instead of waiting why don’t they join in on making the first move. Just because the president is black and that is accomplish within itself. Taking the first step is always the hardest but it has to start somewhere. â€Å"I want to walk up to one of them and ask â€Å"Do you think your life might be different now that Barack Obama is president? What steps do you believe President Obama will take to improve your life? What steps do you think he should take? †(857). There are some kids that are out there willing to make a change and enforcing it as well but there isn’t enough, the more that will contribute the less work there will be for everyone and life could go back to the way it used to be, cheap. In school, kids only think about their looks and the lust of one another is no longer a learning system but a fashion show at the mall. From what’s on your hair to the latest sneakers, â€Å"young people of amalgamated†¦eyes hungry for each other† (858). Wideman said though â€Å"intimidated† he was in love with the way the kids thought, made him think about his own and one day theirs. About the future that he will no longer be in charge of but let the young adults care for him. He’s also worried that there are more than few of them walking around without a care in the world, not thinking about their future. â€Å"Is there such thing, really, as a future in young minds†? Kids today are committing suicide, and are in gangs and killing one another, or just not focusing enough in school, whatever it maybe. Kids are finding more ways to stay on the streets, but being on the streets doesn’t make you any less it just means you must work harder to achieve your goals. There should be more adults trying to guide these lost souls back, instead of turning their back and being even more ignorant adults acting up. It’s not only the kids fault but the nature, these kids don’t have a choice on where they grow up or how much money they’re parents make or the way of luxurious life styles they weren’t grace with jewels but if they work hard and really want it anything can be there’s. Look at all those rich and famous people not all of them where born into it, most of them had to work hard and grind and that what should be taught to work hard and you shall receive. Americans feel it is okay to rest on their laurels but resting on anything that is half way built is bound to break and tip over. Having a good foundation is key to success, help is needed in these kids life’s more people who give a damn and Obama is doing that. Giving the little ray of sunlight on those kids future. Letting them know that no matter how big their dream is they can receive it as long as they work hard at it. Obama is trying to build a better and stronger foundation for future for Americans but he can’t do it alone. Everyone has to take responsibility and try to become a better them. â€Å"Perhaps we would explore together the explosive, still almost unbelievable fact that our country finally seized the opportunity to turn away from one deeply rooted, intractable, self-destructive, dead-end understanding of itself as white and black, finally began to create a new vision of itself†(858). Just as Wideman said try to be the positive being you want to see in the world. Michael Jackson was a legend he not only sing beautifully but his is words he made a difference. His song Man in the Mirrors lyric is very powerful and true â€Å"If you wanna make the world a better place take a look at yourself, and then make a change† should be a world motto and if â€Å"Yolo† was used correctly you do only live once so use every opportunity given big or small, just take it â€Å"Yolo† right . Obama was just the tip of the iceberg of change and good this world really needs. Wideman story was honest and good, his points were valid and firm. The only question is America ready for a change? And now that a chance is given, will it be taken? Change Change Change Change Wideman wonders about the youth today. There are too many of them running around doing nothing with their lives. Seeping through the cracks and who is going to be there to help them out. Will Obama? Wideman wonders â€Å"How will President Barack Obama attempt to seal the cracks they slip through? Not cracks in the pavement of Grand and Essex, but the cracks of broken promises, the cracks that have divided and conquered the will of a nation to treat all citizens equally†(858). It seems the questions never end, but what else can they do but wonder. The world stands and waits for the next move, but instead of waiting why don’t they join in on making the first move. Just because the president is black and that is accomplish within itself. Taking the first step is always the hardest but it has to start somewhere. â€Å"I want to walk up to one of them and ask â€Å"Do you think your life might be different now that Barack Obama is president? What steps do you believe President Obama will take to improve your life? What steps do you think he should take? †(857). There are some kids that are out there willing to make a change and enforcing it as well but there isn’t enough, the more that will contribute the less work there will be for everyone and life could go back to the way it used to be, cheap. In school, kids only think about their looks and the lust of one another is no longer a learning system but a fashion show at the mall. From what’s on your hair to the latest sneakers, â€Å"young people of amalgamated†¦eyes hungry for each other† (858). Wideman said though â€Å"intimidated† he was in love with the way the kids thought, made him think about his own and one day theirs. About the future that he will no longer be in charge of but let the young adults care for him. He’s also worried that there are more than few of them walking around without a care in the world, not thinking about their future. â€Å"Is there such thing, really, as a future in young minds†? Kids today are committing suicide, and are in gangs and killing one another, or just not focusing enough in school, whatever it maybe. Kids are finding more ways to stay on the streets, but being on the streets doesn’t make you any less it just means you must work harder to achieve your goals. There should be more adults trying to guide these lost souls back, instead of turning their back and being even more ignorant adults acting up. It’s not only the kids fault but the nature, these kids don’t have a choice on where they grow up or how much money they’re parents make or the way of luxurious life styles they weren’t grace with jewels but if they work hard and really want it anything can be there’s. Look at all those rich and famous people not all of them where born into it, most of them had to work hard and grind and that what should be taught to work hard and you shall receive. Americans feel it is okay to rest on their laurels but resting on anything that is half way built is bound to break and tip over. Having a good foundation is key to success, help is needed in these kids life’s more people who give a damn and Obama is doing that. Giving the little ray of sunlight on those kids future. Letting them know that no matter how big their dream is they can receive it as long as they work hard at it. Obama is trying to build a better and stronger foundation for future for Americans but he can’t do it alone. Everyone has to take responsibility and try to become a better them. â€Å"Perhaps we would explore together the explosive, still almost unbelievable fact that our country finally seized the opportunity to turn away from one deeply rooted, intractable, self-destructive, dead-end understanding of itself as white and black, finally began to create a new vision of itself†(858). Just as Wideman said try to be the positive being you want to see in the world. Michael Jackson was a legend he not only sing beautifully but his is words he made a difference. His song Man in the Mirrors lyric is very powerful and true â€Å"If you wanna make the world a better place take a look at yourself, and then make a change† should be a world motto and if â€Å"Yolo† was used correctly you do only live once so use every opportunity given big or small, just take it â€Å"Yolo† right . Obama was just the tip of the iceberg of change and good this world really needs. Wideman story was honest and good, his points were valid and firm. The only question is America ready for a change? And now that a chance is given, will it be taken?

Accounting Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accounting Concepts - Essay Example Under the money measurement concept, these items can be recorded as a land worth $100,000, a building (containing 10 rooms and conference hall) worth $500,000, 250 chairs at $50 each, and so on The money measurement concept assumes that money is a stable unit of measurement and therefore the value of money does not change with time. Going concern concept The going concern concept implies that accounting transactions are recorded keeping the view that the business will exist for a long period of time. More precisely, a business enterprise is considered to be a going concern but not a liquidated one. As per the going concern concept, asset valuation is done at historical cost or replacement cost. The going concern concept is a fundamental principle to the preparation of financial statements (Rajasekaran 2011, p.18). In case of short term business projects like building construction, the business comes to an end once the construction of the particular building is completed. In contrast, some business entities that operate in the automobile or consumable goods industry exist for a long period and they will continue their business activities in the foreseeable future. According to this concept, business enterprises treat prepaid expenses as assets in their balance sheets even though they are not saleable practically. Dual aspect concept Dual aspect concept is one of the fundamental accounting concepts and assumes that every transaction has a two-fold aspect – giving certain benefits and receiving certain benefits. The underlying principle of the double entry system is that every debit has an equal and corresponding amount of credit (Johnston & Johnston 2006, p.54). From the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities+Capital), it is... The object evidence concept says that all accounting activities must be objective evidence based. In other words, there should be adequate verifiable documents to support the reliability of every transaction recorded in the books of accounts. This is the very essential for auditors to verify the reliability of accounts prepared. It is to be noted that the verifiable evidences must be objective but not subjective. For instance, a business entity has to keep receipts for the building rent paid. From the above discussion, it is clear that all the ten accounting concepts explained are greatly beneficial for accountants to prepare universally comparable, understandable, reliable, and relevant set of accounts. These accounting concepts give a standard structure to books of accounts prepared globally. â€Å"The accrual concept is an accounting system which recognises revenues and expenses as they are earned or incurred, respectively, without regard to the date of receipt or payment†. In simpler words, revenue is recorded in the books of accounts on its realisation but not its actual receipt. In the same way, expenses have to be recognised when they are incurred but not when the payment is made actually. To illustrate, a business unit paid $5,000 in rent for the building and machinery a year whereas it had owed only $4,500 in rent. That means the company prepaid $500 in rent. At the end of the accounting period, the prepaid rent is recorded on the asset side of the balance sheet.

The Evolution and transformation of the American kitchen Research Paper - 1

The Evolution and transformation of the American kitchen - Research Paper Example The preliminary commencement of American architecture dates back to the regal tradition of the United States and the practices that transpired as a result of the evacuation of European background. The American melting vessel grew and both the edifice and planning practices advanced. This in turn led to the dawn of the colonial style which became the cornerstone of the architectural progress of the United States. The outstanding consideration of these designs focus on the balance between classical and gothic ideals. Some of the common European monuments like Gloucestershire serve as benchmark for this piece of work. It therefore goes without objection that the kitchen is inextricably correlated to this discovery. The hearth remains in various historical sites helps to establish the dating of this. Instead of the fridges of the 19th century, root cellars were used to maintain the cold temperature of foods during summers and offered a conducive environment for preservation of food stuff s during winter (Smith 76). Another preservative method during the ancient kitchen era was the smoke house. It was very vital for preservation of both fish and meat. The early hearths invented were either of clay or stone origin. The hearths could either be deep or shallow, depending on the size of the homesteads. The fire places had fixed revolving spits and clips that could be used to hang meat. This had to be substituted with the wake of change though gradual. Pertaining to this urge of putting up a desired kitchen, there emerged a bottleneck.

Anne Moody's Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay

Anne Moody's Coming of Age in Mississippi - Essay Example . This presents her struggles against sexism and racism among the whites in collaboration with her fellow activists in the civil rights movements. This article will explain how the grassroots, local civil rights movements differed from the mainstream movement. This paper will also include a comparative analysis of those involved, how they got involved, their organizational goals and their relation with the whites. This book consists of four main parts that mainly talk about Moody’s childhood, her high school education, autobiography and the pressure group. According to the first section of the book, Anne Moody explains how they were grounded into poverty as a family. At some point, she even worked as a domestic worker for some white families where she received an extremely low wage. Later on, her father abandoned them, rooting them to more problems mainly lingering on how she was to fend for her fellow siblings (Moody, 1992). In the second section, Moody focuses on her high school education period. She explains how a black 14 year old boy was lynched for whistling to a white woman. This clearly points out the racial codes that were present in Mississippi at that period. When Moody wanted to get more information about the murder of the boy she was totally shunned away from any information by the people she inquired. She even went forward to ask her mother the meaning of NACCP that stands for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, but, her mother warned her never to of such things in the vicinity of the whites. Finally, she discovered an adult who would be of assistance in helping her answer the questions she had in mind. Mrs. Rice stood out as her only hope in finding such information. She played a significant role in the maturity of Moody especially when she enhanced her with more knowledge concerning race relation in the Mississippi region (Moody, 1992). Later on, in the third sectio n of the book Moody shows interest in political activism. Sources prove that Moody once organized a boycott of the cafeteria in the campus after a student found a maggot in one of the grit plates. Furthermore, she even joined the NAACP. To prove that Mississippi was quite racist, Moody explains an incident whereby she was with her friend named Rose. Rose went to the â€Å"Whites Only† section at the bus depot where suddenly the whites were genuinely shocked, and a mob had even surrounded them ready to assault them. However, just before the scenario was to take place, a black minister who was around rushed to their rescue (Moody, 1992). In the final section of the book, Moody now gets involved with civil rights movements in Mississippi. Moody narrates of her involvement in a sit-in at the renowned Woolworth’s lunch counter. She was in the company of her fellow civil right members. Afterwards, while still in the store, a group of white students from a neighboring high sc hool bulged into the store and jeered at them. They were smeared with sugar, pies, ketchup and lots of other materials that were at the counter of the store for almost three hours (Moody, 1992). Lucky enough, the president of the college (Dr. Beittel) heard about the condition and quickly rushed to their safety. When he was there, he was truly shocked to notice that a group of over eighty police officers who were standing outside the store had just been watching the scenario without taking action against the mob (Moody, 1992). This incident further revealed to Moody how the racial lines had been drawn between the

Developmental Psychology Observation paper Essay

Developmental Psychology Observation paper - Essay Example By this time, there were about five of us outside watching her out-of-control behavior. My brother took her arms and tried to make Annalise laugh, and in turn she smacked him right in the face. Lisa, Annalise's mother, finally came out to help, but by this time Annalise was on a mission. She went after her mother, kicking her in the legs. As Lisa tried to pick her up, she pulled her mother's hair and wanted down. Annalise was so disturbed that she took off down the driveway, into the street, and laid down in the middle of the road. Although they eventually managed to get her back into the yard, her tantrum continued for at least fifteen minutes longer. By this time, my son had woken up crying because of the commotion going on outside, and I just wanted to go home. Luckily, the whole ride home went smoothly because Annalise fell back asleep. This episode left me asking myself many questions. Who are the parents here How often does this happen Does Annalise become angry often What woul d I do if this were my child Many theorists could place Annalise's behavior into their developmental stages. Freud would say that Annalise fits perfectly into the anal stage. During this stage, the biggest challenge faced by the child is potty training.

Sharing Ideas through the Internet Research Paper

Sharing Ideas through the Internet - Research Paper Example Sharing Ideas through the Internet Due to the ease of access, some people possess impure intentions as they log onto cyberspace with everyone else. Communication and information sharing are two of the internet’s greatest advantages. Sharing of information and ideas across localities, countries, time zones, and computers occurs over the internet. This sharing allows multi-national corporations to keep projects going all the time by moving it between stations of work electronically by using the internet. Communication can occur through e-mail, file sharing, or instant messaging. The internet can now be used to make telephone calls via a process that is known as Voice over Internet Protocol, or VOIP. Sharing ideas over the internet also enhances play. Sharing of videos, pictures, and music over the internet with a worldwide audience enhances information sharing, allowing individuals to preview new music free. Website hosted games are also available for people across the world, enabling someone in Australia to play with an Austrian. Online gambling and dating are two popular attractions to the internet. However, sharing of ideas over the internet possesses a dark side. If one is capable of covering their cyber address, then they become tempted to carry out things they would not normally do such as spread malicious information and pornographic material. In addition, people with technical knowledge and skills may compromise unsuspecting users sharing information on the internet, which they may use to infect your correspondent’s computer with malicious software. ... However, this paper seeks to prove that by, taking proper precautions, one’s internet experience, could prove enriching, with the pros far outweighing the cons. Social networking and potential for collaborations brought about by blogs; provide a decidedly human side to the publicizing of ideas and information (Bruns & Jacobs 4). Via the personalization of content, blogs do much more than play an informative role. They provide a platform for expression, deliberation, and debate. Blogs have come to replace outdated personal websites and email lists as vehicles for the idea and information exchange, giving authors an opportunity to connect with their audience in ways that would have been impossible before. At the same time, they retain control over their space’s creative space. The blogosphere is unique due to its structure as a fluctuating, decentralized, and distributed ad hoc network of personalized websites that inter-create, interact, and interrelate with each other. Herein lays the power of blogging. Rather that the individual blog, it is the tapping of thousands of weblogs collective power that brings about the emergence of blogosphere’s â€Å"magic†. Blogs enable weblogs to become more than its part’s total. Anyone with access to the internet in this environment can participate in idea and information exchange, with the low level of entry barriers and lack of a central authority to grant accreditation or publishing rights ensure that bloggers are not prevented from linking or responding to ideas or information found on or off-line (Bruns & Jacobs 5). In a time of value system redefinition, global threats, and competing belief networks, bloggers now have the opportunity to question their view on issues, as well as grasp some sense of hope and

The U.S Debt Ceiling Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The U.S Debt Ceiling - Term Paper Example In essence, it can just limit the Treasury from settling expenditures once the limit has been achieved, but which have already been permitted and appropriated. When the debt limit is normally reached devoid of any raise in the limit having been passed, the Treasury has to use extraordinary measures to provisionally fund government expenditure and responsibilities till a resolution can be reached. The U.S. Treasury has never, in the past, reached the level of wearing out extraordinary actions, leading to a default, even though the Congress, on a number of occasions, seemed like it would permit a default to occur (Masters, 2013). Managing of the U.S. public debt is a significant aspect of the macroeconomics of the country’s financial system and economy, and the debt limit is a restraint on the Treasury’s capacity to run the United States economy (Abotalaf, 2011). However, there are talks on how the U.S. financial system should be controlled, and whether a debt limit is a suitable method for restraining government expenditure (Abotalaf, 2011). This paper will discuss the consequences of debt ceiling in the United States economy, how the country got there and how they can get out of it. What the United States Got to the Current Debit Ceiling In Article I, Section 8 of the American Constitution, only the Congress can consent to the loaning of money by the United States on credit (Levit et al., 2013). From the independence days of the U.S. till the early 90’s, the Congress openly consented to every singled debt issued (Masters, 2013). To offer more elasticity to support the U.S.’s involvement in the First World War, the Congress modified the technique through which it legalized debt in the 1917, 2nd Liberty Bond Act. Under this law, the Congress created a summative limit also known as a â€Å"ceiling†, on the overall amount of fresh bonds, which could be issued (Austin et al., 2012). The current debt limit is a summative limit relev ant to almost all national debt, which was significantly created by the both the 1939 and 1941 Public Debt Acts that have consequently been amended to transform the limit amount (Abotalaf, 2011). From time to time, political disagreements occur when the Treasury informs the Congress that the debt limit is almost to be reached (Masters, 2013). When the debt ceiling is achieved and pending a raise in the limit, the Treasury can use "extraordinary measures" to seek extra time before the limit can be increased by the Congress (Austin et al., 2012). The U.S. has never got to the level of a default where the Treasury was not able to pay United States debt requirements, even if it has been close on a number of occasions. The only exemption was in the 1812 War when a number of areas in Washington D.C., and also the Treasury, were burned to the ground (Levit et al., 2013). The U.S. reached, in 2011, a crisis level of close to a default on public debt. The holdup in raising the debt limit led to the initial downgrade in the U.S. credit ranking, a quick plunge in the stock market, as well as a raise in borrowing expenditure. Another debt limit crisis developed in early 2013 when the ceiling was reached once more, and the Treasury assumed extraordinary measures to evade another default (Levit et al., 2013). The 2013 debt limit crisis was settled, for now, on 4th February, 2013, when the President consented to the No Budget, No Pay Act and also delayed the debt

Child Law CW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Child Law CW - Essay Example For married couples, parental responsibility is shared whereas for unmarried parents,the law gives the mother an upper hand over custody of their child1. The father can acquire parental responsibility by applying for it. Jenny and Philip came into an agreement with Carol on Emily. Carol was the surrogate mother. After the agreement among the parties, Emily was to be taken by Jenny and Philip. The parties came into an agreement and a reasonable contract on expenses was reached among the three of them. It was legal since the three had an agreement as stated by law and it was upon Carol to agree together with her cousin and husband. Carol planned on giving Emily to Jenny and Philip, which was the right as had been agreed over. According to the agreement, Carol needed money and she opted to be a surrogate mother to cater for her financial needs. After the agreed time, the parents(in this case Jenny and Emily) needed to apply for a parental order that was to give them permanent parental r ights over Bobby. Emily was genetically and extendedly related to both parents. The parental responsibility of Bobbywas under Carol. Any child needs the support of parents for physical, social, emotional and educational growth. Steven and Anita had divorced but Bobby needed them for his growth. Bobby at the age of six was aware of what had happened between his parents. Due to the stalemate, parental responsibility was under Carol at that time.Whenever two groups or parties are not in agreement but are determined to coexist peacefully, finding a solution to their squabbles is inevitable. Jenny and Steven came together to look for a resolution but an agreement was not reached. Steven was worried that Bobby may not have lived according to his religious teachings where a boy was to be circumcised at his tenth birthday. Steven did the right thing by seeking a specific court order because of the previous impasse. The court tried to solve the issue because of the application by Steven on h is residency and contact orders. No immediate family member ofBobby was responsible for his parental rights. This was because Bobby lived with his mother and no harm or suffering or inability to support Bobby was reported.The parent had to take care of the right of the child because they were responsible for the child. Immediate family did not have any responsibility of any kind to the Bobby unless after application.Immediate family members could onlyintervene by following the right process. They could not have parental rights of the child without notifying the right people or the court. They had to follow the right channel to get Bobby under their care. Immediate family member had to have reasons that were valid that Bobby was mistreated to be given the parental responsibility. They had to file an application to the court like the Steven did. If Bobby was mistreated or was close to them then they had a high chance of success. They could not assume parental responsibility without co nsent either from the court or both parents. Another reason why their claims did not favour them is the fact that the child’s mother was alive and living with the child at their time of claims. Anita was alive and living with Bobby at that time and Bobby had a good relationship with her. The court was to decide on the best interest of Bobby. A residence order can be applied when a parent want to stay with the child in question2. A contact order

Arthur Young Essay Example for Free

Arthur Young Essay Documents 1-2: How do the grievances noted by Arthur Young compare to those expressed in the Cahiers? The grievances noted by Arthur Young are focused more on the humanitarian needs of the French people during the late 1780’s. When looking at the document of September 2, 1788 Young mentions that there is an uproar over the high price of bread. There are many obstacles that a society can overcome, but when they are being starved and treated unjustly over humanitarian needs such as food, then there is a high possibility that they will revolt at any cost. There are also many similarities in both Young’s observances and the Cahiers. Both Young’s observances and the Cahiers note that the people are discontent with the fact that the First Estate made up of the clergy, and Second Estate made up of the nobility, are treated so well compared to the Third estate which included everyone from banker to lawyer and even the peasants. Therefore even though France was more revolutionary than any other country at the time, the disparity in classes between the rich and the poor was extremely obvious. Why might these grievances be revolutionary? And, in what ways are they peculiar to the Third Estate only and not the First and Second Estates? The grievances proposed by the Cahiers are extremely revolutionary. In fact you can see that these ideas seem oddly familiar because they exist today in our own constitution of the United States. One of the most famous ideas is proposed in idea 14, which states that freedom should be granted to the press. This idea is revolutionary because it would allow the people of France to freely express their discontents with the government and spread information freely throughout the country without the fear of being punished. Another great idea proposed by the Cahiers was the fact that all taxes should be assessed on the same system throughout the nation. It was imperative that the Third estate made this clear because even though they were the poorest, they were the ones being charged with the heaviest taxes. It was also interesting that the Cahiers brought up the fact that certain positions in offices and ranks should be granted to anyone who was qualified for the job, not just the nobility or based on heredity. This was revolutionary because it must have compelled many more people in France to obtain an education and strive for a better life because they were being granted opportunities. Documents 3-4: Based on your reading of these excerpts, what were the worst abuses of factory labor and the causes of poor working and health conditions? Right away what captures the readers attention is that the medical examiner is claiming that children as young as five years old were being sent to work as long as eleven hours a day. This idea is just unimaginable to most people because a five year old is hardly old enough to take care of himself, let alone maintain a job that requires him to work for eleven hours a day. It is just painful to hear that these children spent their childhoods working in the factories and as a result their growth was stunted, their bone development was compromised, and their health was so poor compared to children not working in factories. The testimony of John Wright really puts everything into perspective because it’s a first hand account of his life working in the factories since he was a six year old. The fact that he worked the same hours then, to the hours he worked as an adult just shows how despicable the working conditions were in the factories. Just like the medical examiner he also explained that the children who grew up in these working factories suffered many health complications, some even became crippled due to over exhaustion. According to Engels, how did such an environment affect the poor mentally as well as physically? Engels believed that the scandalous environment in which the poor were forced to live in was a result of continuous mistreatment from the upper classes. He claims that the poor were basically treated like animals, hoarded from the country in to the city, and forced to work ungodly hours in order to keep up with the demands of industrialization. Then the poor were forced to live in cramped quarters where no proper sanitation systems existed, and even clean drinking water was a luxury. Engels explains that because so many people were cramped into such small rooms for such a long period of time the air quality was severely polluted and this caused many health problems. Engels brings up many good points by questioning how the upper classes ever expected the poor to stay healthy or even humane when their conditions were beyond poor. The fact that the poor were always subjected to extremes of hopes and fears really threw most people over the edge. They had no choice but to be mentally unstable because of the conditions they lived in. They were constantly living for survival in the most disgusting conditions while the rich got richer due to their hard work. Document #5: These maps reveal something about connections between population density, urbanization, and the industrializing process. What do these maps tell us about these connections? What might some of the social consequences of these connections be? The maps explain that as industrialization grew, and urbanization grew, more and more people started to move into the cities in hopes of finding opportunities for work and better living standards. You can see that the first map of the population density in England in 1801 seems quite dispersed compared to the population density of England in 1851. Also you can see from the map of England in 1851 that there was a huge population boom in between those 50 years. When looking at the map of concentration of Industry in England in 1851 then it is clear that people moved from the countryside to the larger cities that were the heart of industrialization. Engle best described the social consequences of the changes from 1801 to 1851 in such a short period of time in the previously discussed documents. With overpopulation cities got more crowded and the living quality in these cities steadily decreased. The environment was affected tremendously due to the cluster of factories and misuse by the overpopulation. Disease was more prominent because it was easier to spread in unsanitary and overpopulated areas. When employment opportunities arise, people will surely flock to them, especially the poor. This was just the case in England during the industrialization. Sadly what people failed to realize is that their quality of life would greatly decrease rather than increase due to the mass overpopulation.

Gran Torino Essay Example for Free

Gran Torino Essay After a while, the two bonded and where Walt helped him through manhood by toughening him up, providing dating advice and helping him get a job in construction. During this, Walt learned that Thao had tried to steal the car to be a part of the gang that he confronted earlier in the movie. Throughout the rest of the movie, the gang had harassed Thao by destroying his construction tools, conducted a drive-by shooting, sexual and physically assaulting Thao’s sister. He then realized that Thao and his sister will never safe as long as the gang is still in the neighbourhood. For this reason, he had gone to the gang member house and committed one final act to help save them. In this paper, the effects of social construction of race and how it is portrayed in the film will be examined. First, the concept of social construction will be analyzed, providing an overview of the definition and its effects. Furthermore, how it is illustrated in the film will be examined. Race as a Social Concept Historically, race has been utilized to differentiate individuals based on their biological and physical appearance. Traits including body shape, skin color and hair style were used to divide individuals into particular racial group (Machery and Faucher, 2005, pp. 1208). However, no empirical evidence exists to supports these classifications. This, in turn shows that differentiations are not rooted biologically or based on getting differences. Rather, the concept of race is explained through process of social construction. Through the lenses of social constructionism, it does not deny the evident physical differences in skin color and characteristics of individuals (Rothenberg, 2008, pp. 10). It simply sees these differences on a continuum of diversity rather than as reflecting innate genetic differences among people† (Rothenberg, 2008, pp. 10). Therefore, race exists due to society’s placing significance on the differentiation between individuals. Effects of Social Construct of Race Takaki stated that â€Å"race†¦has been a social construction that has historically set apart rac ial minorities from European immigrant groups† (as cited in Rothenberg, 2008, pp. 9). Throughout time, the categorization of race had form white hierarchy and domination over other groups of race. This in turn caused an effect of inequality, marginalization and unfair treatment towards particular groups. Asians, Blacks, Aboriginals, and Latinos are among the groups who are subjected to this form of treatment. Some examples include the justification of enslavement of black people, and the denial of access to Canada for non-white individuals. The success behind these social constructs is these divisions of race appear to be natural and a part of everyday lives rendering it to be invisible (Perry, 2011, pp. 16). Thus making it easy to be taken for granted (Perry, 2011, pp. 6). As Michael Omi and Howard Winant (1994) stated, Everyone learns some combination, some version, of the rules of racial classification, and of her own racial identity, often without obvious teaching or conscious inculcation. Thus we are inserted in a comprehensively racialized social structure. Race becomes ‘common sense’—a way of comprehending and being in the world. (as cited in Perry, 2011, pp. 16) Therefore individuals are aware of these divisions but choose to accept it as it has become a natural dynamic in society. Identifying Asian The concept of race is a social process that constructs differences creating divisions among individuals. Throughout time, the classification of certain groups has resulted in prejudice and stereotyping of particular racial groups. This is portrayed in one scene in Gran Torino when Walt was looking with scorn at Thao’s grandmother and said, â€Å"Why the hell do this chinks have to move in this neighborhood for? † (Eastwood, 2009). The protagonist’s use of the word â€Å"chinks† shows the stereotypical label of the Asian community. Chinks† is used to refer to the epicanthic fold found in the inner angle of the eye (wisegeek, n. d. ). This use of this term is associated to the racialization of the Asian race because this difference in appearance was utilized to negatively identify members of this group. Other perceptions in the film include Walt’s snarky comments such as â€Å"aren’t Asians supposed to be smart? Or the assumption as the Hmong as â€Å"jungle people† (Eastwood, 2009). These stereotypical and prejudiced statements are seen extensively throughout the movie. The irony of it is the statements reflect society’s views of the Asian identity. This leads to the notion that through the social process of differentiating groups based on racial traits and characteristics leads to the division of races with the effect of oppressing some. This, sequentially cause the stereotypical and prejudiced associations to be made. If society had not placed a meaning on physical appearance or characteristics, the racial assumption would not exist. Furthermore, if no classification were made towards these individuals, the Asian race will not exist. Youth Asian as Gang Members The Montreal police define a street gang as ‘a group of individuals, usually adolescents and/or young adults, who use the power of group intimidation in order to carry out, on a more or less regular basis, violent criminal acts’ (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, pp. 116). Police documentation had identified five ethnic groups where street gangs originated (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 117). Among the five is the Asiatic ethnic group (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 117). The process of police construct of race in terms of street gangs involves the process of racialization (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 123). Robert Miles defines it as â€Å"a process of categorization through which social relations between people are structured by the signification of human biological characteristics in such a way as to define and constructs social collectivities† (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 12). It is when negative characteristics, traits and behaviour are associated with particular groups (Jiwani, 2011, pp. 43). This is due the perception and presumed differences of the group (Jiwani, 2011, pp. 43). In terms of the police construction of police, this can be seen through the provision of â€Å"Images of violence-prone ‘ethnic youth’ from war-torn countries (it is taken as given that the ‘ethnic youth’ in question are male) (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 123). When compared to children in Quebec, Ontario, a police man stated â€Å" ‘ Here in [Quebec] our kids are born with a hocky puck in their hand, but there [a country of origin of immigrants] they come into the world with a grenade in their hands† (Symons, 2002, pp. 18)†The culture belief portrays the racialization of the street gang issue (Symons, 2002, pp. 118). The ideology that street gangs originated from the upbringing in a war-torn country signifies street gangs as an immigration issue. As another police stated â€Å"‘They have guns there [in country of origin],â€⠄¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ‘It’s part of their more’† (Symons, 2002, pp. 118). This is seen with the portrayal of the Hmong gang in Gran Torino. Earlier in the film, Sue had shared to Walt that the reason they resided in America and is to escape the violence that is occurring in their homeland (Eastwood, 2009). By providing this background story of escaping a war torn country and the portrayal of young Asiatic gangs terrorizing the neighborhood, supports the racialization of Asiatic gang members. This has come from the social process of constructing that living a life in a war-torn country makes the individual a gang member. Since this living condition is associated with the Asian youth, these members are automatically perceived as a gang member. Other scenes in the film include the portrayal of the ethnic group Latinos as gang members, which are also identified as the patent of street gangs Minority groups and Immigrants as Criminals A key stereotype of Asians race is that of the mysterious, devious, fearsome Asian† (Zong and Perry, 2011, pp. 115). This consecutively marks the group as different and foreign which causes them to be feared and avoided. (Zong and Perry, 2011, pp. 115). Within society this is reflected through minorities and immigrants being â€Å"over police and under protected† by the criminal justice system (as cited in Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 69). Often times, during the legal process, immigrants are provided longer sentences and severe punishments compare to those who have lived in Canada for 20 years and more (Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 8). In terms of other minority groups, Blacks and Aboriginals are overrepresented in the correctional system ((Zong and Perry, 2011, pp. 115). Individuals in society are aware of these unfair treatments, but many still links race and crime together. This is due to the belief and perception of immigrants and minorities as dangerous and different. It is important to note that these factors cannot be found when looking at the white population. This leads to the notion that â€Å"‘Canadians’ do not break the law, but racialized ‘immigrant groups do’† (Chan and Mirchandani, 2002, pp. 9). The portrayal of minority groups and immigrants in the film can be seen when no white individual is shown to be a criminal. The members of the street gangs were of Latino, Black and Asian descents. The white characters portrayed were successful businessmen, a hero and a priest. In fact, the protagonist was a Korean War veteran where he killed several men in battle. Instead of being convicted for his actions, he was provided a medal of honor. The portrayal of these scenes shows that white individuals do not commit crime and so cannot be identified as criminals. Society had classified certain inviduals to be part of the Asian and Black race dividing them from the white population. Throughout various events and social processes the perception of Asian and Black race to be dangerous was constructed. This in turn had let these groups to be viewed as criminals. This is believed to be taken a significant effect due to unfair treatment and portrayal of minorities and immigrant in the criminal justice system. White as ‘powerful’ The notion of race as a social process has caused an effect where certain groups are marginalized. Within the society, a white individual is the dominant and superior while others are oppressed, and inferior. This perception has led to the view of that the white population is powerful compared to the other racial groups. The portrayal of this can be seen with the protagonist of the film. Thao and the other gang members had gone to his house to attack him. During the fight, Walt comes out pointing a rifle towards the gang threatening them to get off his lawn and leave. By doing this, he earns the respect of Thao’s family and the Hmong community. To show their gratitude, they showered him with gifts, meals and flowers. Through the remainder of the movie, Walt was shown to be a leader, influencer and hero. He was guiding Thao away from becoming a gang member by providing a job, teaching about manhood and purchasing items for him. He was also shown as a savior when he gave up his life so that Thao and his family can live a life without any gang violence. Within the racial context, the representation of Walt as the savior illustrates the ideology that white is powerful, whereas the Asian group is seen to be helpless, powerless and vulnerable. This leads back to the notion of social constructionism where the division of race had caused some groups to be in power and the others as powerless. In this case, the white group is seen to be of dominance while the Asian group is perceived to be inferior and vulnerable. Conclusion A once popular belief in society was that everyone was born into distinctive biologically and natural based differences known as race (Rothenberg, 2008, pp. 9). However as time passed, the notion of race had transformed into the idea that it was created through human interaction known as social construction. In other words, through social processes, the differences between racial groups were constructed and not from nature itself. However, through the development of division among groups, some were placed in a position of power while others in a minority position. Throughout time, the white group have become the dominant and powerful group over other racialized group. This, sequentially have led to several unfair treatment, marginalization, and oppression against this group. These effects have been portrayed in the film Gran Torino in regards to the racial group of the White and Asian. Through social constructionism, prejudices and stereotypical terms have been used to identify the Asians groups. Secondly, the notion of Asian youth as gang members. Thirdly, the perception of Asian individuals as criminals. Lastly, the ideology of white power over Asian groups. These reflections of currents societal beliefs and perception towards the White and Asian groups originated from the process of social construction. In other words, the reason why it the racial groups of Asians and White exist is through social collectivities . If society did not place a meaning towards the differentiation among individuals, race would not exist, thus these assumptions would be of non-existent as well. References Eastwood. C. , Gerber, B. , amp; Lorenz, R. (Producer). (2009). Gran Torino [Motion Picture]. United States of America: Warner Brothers. Jiwani, Y. (2011). Mediation of Race and Crime. In B. Perry (Ed. ), Diversity crime and justice in Canada. (pp. 39-56). Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. Jiwani, Y. (2002). The criminalization of race and the racialization of crime. In Chan, W. , amp; Mirchandani, K (Ed. ), Crimes of Colour (pp. 67-86). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. Machery, E. , amp; Faucher, L. (2005). Social Construction and the Concept of Race. The Philosophy of Science Association, 72, 1208-1219 doi: 0031-8248/2005/7205-004. Perry, B. (2011). Criminal Justice/Social Justice. In B. Perry (Ed. ),  Diversity, crime, and justice in  Canada  (pp. 3-38). Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. Rothenberg, P. (2010). Race, class, and gender in the United States  (8th  ed. ). New York: Worth Publishing Symons, G. (2002). Police constructions of race and gender in street gangs. In Chan, W. , amp; Mirchandani, K (Ed. ), Crimes of Colour (pp. 115-127). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. Zong, L. , amp; Perry, B. (2011). Chinese Immigrants in Canada and Social Injustice: From Overt to Covert Racial Discrimination. In B. Perry (Ed. ),  Diversity, crime, and justice in  Canada  (pp. 106-124). Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press.

Greed Triggers Fraud And Corruption

Greed Triggers Fraud And Corruption ABSTRACT Purpose Greed triggers fraud and corruption which is one of the biggest problems we are facing in our country as its increasing enormously rather than decreasing. The purpose of this study is to assess the different types of fraud and corruption and because it is such a broad topic we will focus on a life situation which highlights how greed plays a huge role in the creation of fraud and corruption. Design/ Methodology/ approach in depth interview are conducted with a senior quantity surveyor who has been working for a contracting company for the past six years and has allowed me to be part of the investigation process that is being conducted. The reason behind the investigation is to find out how come they owe such a great amount of money for tax but money had been deducted from their salaries since they started working and reasons of being unfairly dismissed. Findings The employer of the contracting company seems to be deducting money from his employees salaries but not paying the tax company without the knowledge of his employees using it for his own private use. Additional information was found that all his workers havent been registered under the department of labour and the company has been running for a number of years now and unfair dismissal was practised in this company. Originality/ Value The final results of this paper will help us understand and beware that there are all kinds of corruption in the industry. Ms Anonyms will hand over all her payments slips to the investigation officers to prove that she has been working and paying for her tax over the past years while working and to also open a case of unfair dismissal and take it to the Commission for Conciliation Meditation and Arbitration (CCMA). TERMS OF REFERENCE PROPBLEM DESCRIPTION Fraud and corruption play a big role in the construction industry which this results in the hindering of development in our country and the country not moving forward. AIM The Aim of the research is to bring the matter of fraud and corruption to attention of the reader. To detect risks in the industry and to provide users with relevant anti- corruption resources. OBJECTIVES To find out what triggers fraud and corruption To what extent is an individual willing to scoop low to get what they want and not be caught How corruption affects the Construction industry How it hinders development. PROPOSAL Chapter one 1.1 Introduction Greed is a critical issue affecting the construction industry and country as a whole as it leads to fraud and corruption which plays a huge part on the hindering of development in our country. Chapter 2 2.1 Greed The selfishness of an individual of wanting more and not being satisfied of what they already have. 2.2 Fraud A criminal offence done intentionally because of personal motives which the individual will gain that could affect another individual. Corruption Chapter three 3.1 Case study Ms Anonymous finds herself in the middle of a fraud and corruption situation that she was not aware off. 3.2 Tax invasion CONTENT PAGE PGE NO. Acknwoledgements Abstract Terms of reference CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Fraud and Corruption are broad and complex issues but their roots are embedded in a countries social or cultural history, Political and economic development and it includes both these committed by the government, employers, employees, management staff, individuals or a group of people who have come together with one agenda only and these committed is motivated by Greed. Greed steers and individual into fraud and corruption which also triggers the power of the mind, when a person starts procrastinating about the benefits and what one shall gain they begin to start plotting ways in making these thoughts into reality and once these thoughts become reality and the outcome is greater than expected they start abusing the situation into their own advantage. The construction industry sector is recognised as carrying the highest risk of corruption, the rate of corruption and fraud in the industry is increasing enormously rather than decreasing which is slowing down the economy and surprisingly it has become an ordinary and normal habit that is being practised. It is almost like a swimming pool which everybody now wants to jump in and swim in the deep end not bearing in mind that not everybody can swim. CHAPTER 2 HISTORY GREED Greed is that extreme desire to attain or posses more than what one has such as material wealth which is usually more than what one needs and deserves. It also involves using being wealthy to gain power over others also denying others of wealth and power. It is basically being selfish, thinking of ones self while at the same-time affecting other people negative way. For example if a building inspector would accept a bribe from a contractor to approve and state that all work done is of good quality and condition while that is not true than that is an act of being greedy because looking at the situation the only people gaining here are the building inspector and the contractor while in the long it will negatively affect the community as a whole or the people who will be in use of the premises that is being built. FRAUD In the country we live in fraud is a criminal act that would disadvantage an individual or a group of people and it is also a civil law violation. Fraud is done intentionally which involves dishonesty for personal gain or damage to other individuals. Fraud can be categorized into many forms for example theft and embezzlement. In a case of fraud you would have for example a person such an Alien (not belonging in the industry) who knows nothing about the construction and the whole background of it having certificates qualifying him in erecting projects in a case that he doesnt even how foundation is done. CORRUPTION Corruption in any case is the act of being dishonest and abusing power or the persons position. Corruption can happen anywhere and is usually committed by an individual or a group of people such as officials or private persons. Corruption comes in many forms such as bribery, nepotism, cheating, vote rigging and extortion. An example of corruption would be paying off kickbacks to get multi million rand contracts for dubious reasons, having to regularly donating huge sums of money to maybe political parties or buy expensive gifts such as cars worth millions rands in-order to get something in return. Corruption and fraud come in with greed because they are actions stem from the lack of ethics and undermine human institution and human relations. CHAPTER 3 CASE STUDY Ms Anonymous and Contracting Company. Ms Anonymous has been working for a contracting company for the past 3 years as a senior quantity surveyor for this company. She did more than just her employed position where she also worked in the civil side of the work and any other work that needed attention she would be gladly to assist in other words she was more of an asset to the company and they had mentioned that to her as well. The problem started when Ms Anonymous received a letter that she needed to go sort out her tax returns. When she went to pay a visit at the tax company (SARS). S he was informed that she owes a lot of money and was asked why she hasnt been paying for her tax? She was shocked and told them that she has been paying for her tax ever since she started working for her recent company the past three years. They told her to request and RIP5 form from her employer and also to keep all her pay slips as proof of payments for tax when needed to check her account and also that her company was one of the companies that were chosen for audits in 2012 so they would be an investigation with regards to her matter of not paying tax and would take things from there. Audits where later on done of the company and it revealed that they owe a great deal amount of money and that they have not been paying whatsoever. They told Ms Anonymous to bring all evidence as proof that money has been deducted from her account for tax and they had promised that no information regarding with her account would he linked to the owners of the company and had assured her that she did nothing wrong as they had called in her to query her about her tax number. Investigations continued as the tax investigators kept coming into the office to do Company Audits and since they had no financial and bank statements and how much is being charged from the workers it pin pointed that they have been not paying such as VAT and PAYE. Things started to be little offish at work where they were all panicking and looking for fingers to point as they were not aware how and what had led SARS to come and audit the company with realising that SARS had chosen them themselves than rumour went out the Ms Anonymous had went to SARS. Later on they made false pay slips saying as he was paid more than she was being paid so that it will show as if she was the one who was not paying Tax but then Ms Anonymousness Payslips had proven all of that wrong. A month later Ms Anonymous was called into the Bosses office and was told that due to financial constraints they will have let her go because they will not be able to afford and they will be giving her 3 months to look for her job and are willing to give her good recommendation. TAXATION The importance of paying tax Nobody wants to pay tax which is highly understandable but that money is the only money raised through tax that the government relies on to produce public revenue to pay for public expenses that provide goods and services to the public. Without tax and people not paying it becomes difficult for the government to try meeting the basic needs of the country. Both the state and the local governments are imposed in collecting tax. There are different types of taxes that need to be paid which are: Income taxes Payroll taxes Sales taxes Excise taxes Wealth taxes Article I, Section 8, says: The Congress shall have Power to lie And collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the country Benefits and uses for tax As mentioned above that tax pays for goods and services for the public such as: Education Public housing Public welfare such as security Unemployment benefits Highways and public transportation Health Police Fire protection Tax also includes daily operating expenses of the government and also salaries of the government employees and also interest on debt owed by the government. It is highly important as the benefits of tax keep the country in place and running and also reaching out to the people who are unable to afford from themselves. The roads we walk and drive in everyday is because of the tax that is being paid, the public clinics and hospitals that help our people to get treatment and be attended to when they cannot afford when they are sick is because of tax and the list goes on but all in all it is beneficial for the country for tax to being paid. Responsibilities of income tax payers The income tax system is a voluntary act and compliance but it does not mean that tax payers can only pay tax when they want to or not pay tax when they also dont want to. In other words everybody who is working must pay tax and in order foe people to comply with the legal responsibilities the tax law must be fair and firm. When looking at being fair, the government must be fair enough as to the people paying tax wont resent him as the government and the leader of the country and also resent paying tax at the end of the day and making sure that everybody complies. When looking at being firm, people who dont comply with this law and try to duck it must be punished and made seen that they are committing a criminal offence and should pay dearly for such action. Penalties for Tax Fraud In most cases people who dont pay tax are due to carelessness or negligence or usually done intentionally and find ways to avoid paying tax which is seen as tax fraud and these people are faced with tax interest or tax penalties. Tax fraud is when people who avoid paying tax and are not honest to the government about their monthly/annually incomes so they can be taxed fairly with regards to how much they earn and they lie in-order to pay little tax which becomes unfair to the government and all other tax payers. Tax fraud is a crime and people who commit such crime face high consequences close to about 75 percent financial penalties. There is no way of ducking and hiding from paying taxes because eventually everybody is caught just that it might not be now but when it comes to fraud and corruption someone always slacks up and leaves foot prints. LABOUR RELATIONS ACT (LRA) The labour relations act is the relationship between people who work and those who they work for. The labour relations act was reshaped and implemented to create a good and working-full environment in the workplace. To give an employer and a employee to work under good and fair principles knowing their rights and limitations and which lines not to cross. To protect the employee against the employer and to also protect the employer against the employee but in most cases employees are opening cases against their employers. it is hoped that democracy in the workplace will bring industrial stability, economic growth, and labour peace. Dismissals of the Labour relations act Chapter VIII of the LRA concerns unfair dismissals. Section 185 records that every employee has the right not to be unfairly dismissed. The term dismissal is examined in the section 186 and includes: A termination effected by an employee with or without notice. An employers failure to renew a fixed term contract when an employee has a reasonable expectation Refusal of an employer to allow an employee to return to work after maternity leave. Retrenchment When retrenchment is introduced it is usually when a company is facing some financial difficulties and is done for the followings reasons, economic, structural or technical reasons and before retrenchment takes place a proper procedure needs to be taken in-order to allow for retrenctment which is as follows: Consultation Immediately when the employer has no other options but to apply retrenchment, he has to inform his employees buy holding up a mass meeting where everybody is present or he could hold individual meetings with the individuals who will be involved in the retrenchment. Employees are allowed to interact with the employer and also suggest other alternative ways which could be looked into such as reducing working hours and also workings days, the appropriate method to be used for the people are to be dismissed. Minutes can be taken in this case as it would help for misunderstood situations and to protect both the employer and employees. When consultation is taking place members of the trade unions can be present to protect their workers and all the commission for conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) can also be present to intervene in this matter. Disclosing of information in writing When complementing retrenchment the organisation or the employer should issue letters to the employees that will be affected because of retrenchment. The information should inform the employees of the pending and the dates of retrenchment, reasons why they will be intiating retrenchment, the servenrane pay that is proposed, the assistance of the employer with regards with interviews and assisting them in getting new employment if possible. Should there be any misunderstanding or any disputes that could take place than the employer shall refer to the written information to clarify any mis-understandingand these disputes could be handled by the labour court or the Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA). Opportunity for feedback The employer should give employees the opportunity to give feedback with the proposed retrenchment that will take place, give them a chance to make presentations and whatever is said and presented must be taken inot consideration by the employer and try to negotiate as so all paryies are happy. The last in 1st out rule should be applied when dealing with retrenchment as you cant compare a person who has been working for a company for the past 3 years over a person who has been around the company for 2months. If the company is going through financial constraints and they wish to let go a few staff than they should consider the last recently employed staff. CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 Data collection With the information gathered with regards to Miss Anonymouses case we can draw up the following checklist: The company has been deducting tax from her salary She received a monthly income She enjoyed annual and sick leave, UIF and PAYE benefits She has been working for the company for the past 3 years She signed an employment contract of reinstatement in September 2009 There is no proof of her being registered by her employer under the Labour court Data analysis With the gathered information it shows that Miss Anonymouses was a full employee of the company which also makes her fall under the people who should be paying tax to the government every-month. Having a look at her payslip it clearly shows that money has been deducted for tax from her payslip and with her knowledge she has been paying for tax. Additional information has been found that she was has not been registered under the labour court meaning she cant be taxed as they may not be aware of how much she gets paid which is would make it hard for the tax man to tax her properly. The company is at fault for using moneyof the employees for their own personal use and without their knowledge and this sot of behaviour does fall under fraud and corruption and is a crime. She has been working for the company for over the past three years so if the company was going through any sort of financial problems and they saw using the retrenchment system as part of covering costs than they did not follow the proper procedures of dismissal, she was not even consulted properly or given a chance to discuss the matter and negotiate or think of other alternative ways to avoid such dismissal. Re-solutions, suggestions When referring to the case study, the best possible steps that could be taken here is that Ms Anonymous keeps all proof of her payments that she can represent to SARS, write each and every single thing said to her and if they is anything asked or told to ask for it in writing and signed for because in the country we live in anything is possible and to make life easy is having all proof and evidence just to be on the safe side. With regards to unfair dismissal, she should take the matter to the CCMA and report the act of unfair dismissal because no proper procedures where taken so it is either they will have to compensate her even more or giver her, her job back if she is willing to take it back. Each and every employee has a right to be treated fairly in the working environment and legal action can be taken in situations like this. CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS Fraud and corruption is everywhere and is triggered by greed of an individual and it reduces economic growth, quality of life and undermines government creditability and reduces effectiveness. The fight against them should be presented in a short period of time in order to fight corruption. Every federal department and agency should work together continuously. Audit and investigation s could find any corruption or fraud cases, but the most important thing is to define how to prevent and detect them at the earliest stage possible.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay -- Pregnancy Alcoholism Drinking Essays

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome It is a shame that in today’s "enlightened" society so many preventable diseases and disorders are still occurring. Fetal alcohol syndrome is one of these totally preventable disorders. It is one of the most frequent and important causes of mental and physical retardation in childhood today. Only in the past decade or so have scientists identified and named this disorder. However, effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy have been suspected for quite some time. In the Old Testament the wife of Menoh is warned not to drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy (Judges 13, 2-25). Despite all the current information about the negative effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, many people are still unaware of the complications it can cause. In one study it was found that students were aware that alcohol is a teratogenic substance, but had little knowledge as to the nature and timing of the possible negative side effects that alcohol consumption at each stage might cause (Haemmerlie, 1992). Besides those who are unaware of the results of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, there are also those women who are aware of the consequences, but don’t care enough or have enough willpower to stop. These alcoholic mothers may know the consequences of drinking during pregnancy but are unable to stop themselves. The effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol may have a wide range of possible effects; from life--threatening anomalies to mild problems with attention and learning. There are many symptomology’s that are characteristic of FAS children. The diagnosis of FAS can only be made when the patient has at least one abnormality in each of three categories (Sokol & Clarren, 1989): pre- and p... ...sm, Vol. 16, No. 5, Oct. 1992, pp. 1001-1003. Nanson, J. L. "Autism is F.A.S. - A Report of Six Cases". Alcoholism, Vol. 16, No. 3, May/June 1992, pp. 558-565. Nanson, J. L., & Hiscock, M. "Attention Deficits in Children Exposed to Alcohol Prenatally". Alcoholism, Vol. 14, No. 5, Oct. 1990, pp. 656-661. Niemele, O., Helmesmaki, E., & Ylikorkala, O. "Hemoglobin--acetaldehyde Adducts are Elevated in Women Carrying Alcohol-damaged Fetuses". Alcoholism, Vol. 15, No. 6 ,Dec. 1991, pp. 1007-1010. Old Testament, Judges 13, 2-25. Pullerkat, R. K. "Hypothesis: Prenatal Ethanol-induced Birth Defects and Retanoic Acid". Alcoholism, Vol. 15, No. 3, June 1991, pp. 565-567. Sokol, R. J. & Clarren, S. K. "Guidelines for Use of Terminology Describing the Impact of Prenatal Alcohol on the Offspring". Alcoholism, Vol. 13, No. 4, July/August 1989, pp. 597-598.

Canterbury Tales Morality Paper -- essays research papers

Eternal Bliss or Life Amiss?: Analysis of Theme in Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales The Christian Church has been a driving force in politics and morals for hundreds of years. In the medieval time period in Europe, the Church was particularly strong, a majority of the European peoples and rulers were followers. The set of moral codes and virtues the Church sets forth dictates how each person should live. Provided that one follows these morals, the Church guarantees every follower a place in Heaven, a paradise for a soul after its body’s death. Although the Christian Church offers salvation to each of its followers, nevertheless, certain people’s desire for immediate reward leads them to sin because the idea of an immediate reward outweighs that of a reward promised by the Church for the afterlife. In The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, the Pardoner, the Summoner, the Oxford Cleric, and the Friar seek immediate reward in cheating unsuspecting victims, in doing as little of what displeases them as possible, and in seeking extravagant posses sions and pleasures. Characters in The Canterbury Tales see opportunities for riches, however immoral, and in pursuing them lose the Church’s promise of entrance into Heaven. The Pardoner and the Summoner in particular display a desire to cheat out anyone they can in order to further their own personal wealth. The Pardoner carries with him â€Å"†¦a pillow-case/Which he assert[s] †¦[is]†¦Our Lady’s veil† (Chaucer 712-713) and he is said to find â€Å"Some poor up-county parson to astound,† (720) charging them to see and touch this false relic. Though he seems a virtuous and trustworthy man, the Pardoner is just a fourteenth century con artist. His official job in the church is to sell ... ...eds of years and remains as such. When inducted to service with the Church, each of the characters: the Pardoner, the Summoner, the Oxford Cleric, and the Friar, are given a place of paradise for their souls after death. As officials in such a highly respected institution, each is expected to maintain his responsibilities and behavior in a proper manner. After seeing the opportunity for personal gain, however, each of the men ignores his job and does exactly what pleases him most. The choice of an immediate pleasure over an eternal pleasure is too great, and thus, each does things that they can not seem to help themselves from doing. These include accepting bribes and cheating unsuspecting holy men, sinful and wicked crimes. It is therefore evident that because each of the characters mentioned prefers his way to the Church’s, he sins and gives up his place in Heaven.

John Staurt Mill - Electronic Democracy :: essays research papers

There is no difficulty in showing that the ideally best form of government is that in which the sovereignty, or supreme controlling power in the last resort, is vested in the entire aggregate of the community; every citizen not only having a voice in the exercise of that ultimate sovereignty, but being, at least occasionally, called on to take an active part in the government, by the personal discharge of some public function, local or general John Stuart Mill agreed that democracy was the form of government that could best secure the happiness of all. But the end is not just well-being, as earlier utilitarians argued, though it is that. The end that recommends it is the tendency to foster self-development and individuality. Representative government, is particular, he defended as that form which best encourages individuality. It leads people to take a more active and intelligent participation in society. It provides moral training and encourages the development of natural human sympathies. The result is the habit of looking at social questions from an impersonal perspective rather than that of self-interest. But Mill's defense of democracy was much qualified. To be sure, he was, like the earlier utilitarians, sympathetic to the fall of the ancient regime and to the ends of the French Revolution. He strove to liberalize the press still severely bound by an absurd libel law that excluded effective social criticism. But infl uenced by Coleridge he had come to see that there were virtues in social systems, even out-dated ones, else why would not have survived so long. He therefore came to appreciate the conservative arguments that unrestrained freedom is dangerous. Mill argued, reasonably on utilitarian grounds, that social institutions need to be adapted to the time and place where they operate. He even suggests that, since people must be properly fit if democracy is to function well, a despotic form of government, if well-run with this aim in mind, might prepare its people for the exercise of responsibilities of a free electorate. In his thinking about how best to administer a state as a whole, Mill argued that the best administration was one that relied upon professional skills. In a representative democracy, if you can control the majority, then you can control everyone. Like other tyrannies, the tyranny of the majority was at first, and is still vulgarly, held in dread, chiefly as operating through the acts of the public authorities.

Colligative Properties Essay

Abstract: Several experiments were performed to observe the colligative properties. This includes the freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. Two ice baths were made, one with pure water, the other with salt water. The lowest temperature was then record for each bath and compared. The salt water had a lower freezing point than the pure water by 2 degrees which supports the hypothesis that solutions have a lower freezing point than pure water. The second property observed was osmosis pressure. This experiment used a 6 inch piece of dialysis tubing that was filled 2/3 full with light Karo syrup and tied off. Then it was completely submerged in a large glass bowl of room temperature distilled water. The dialysis tubing acts as a semi-permeable barrier and water passed through to inside the tube and over the next several hours, this act caused the tube to swell. Osmosis is where water moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration, therefore causing the tube to swell. The last experiment involved placing an egg in a jar of vinegar. After 24 hours, the shell of the egg completely disintegrated. Then the jar was rinsed and refilled with Karo syrup where the egg was submerged for 48 hours. This allows osmosis to take place where the water inside the egg leaves and moves outside where thereis a lower concentration of water. Thus, making the mass of the egg smaller. This series of experiments takes a closer look at the colligative properties, specifically the freezing point depression and the osmotic pressure. Colligative properties is where the concentration of solute particles in a solution is what is important and not necessarily the chemical identity of the solute. The first part of this experiment focuses on the freezing point depression. The freezing point depression is based on the idea that a solution freezes at a lower temperature than the freezing point of pure  water. Finding the freezing point of a substance allows the molar mass of a substance to be calculated. The second part of this experiment observes the colligative property of osmotic pressure. Osmosis is based on the idea that water will go from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. With this information, we can determine the identity of a substance. Purpose: Determine the freezing point of water Find the freezing point of a solution Observe osmotic pressure. Procedures First, an ice water bath was prepared filling a 100ml beaker halfway with cool tap water and adding a pinch of salt and some crushed ice. Then, the temperature was recorded with a thermometer placed in a test tube until a consistent temperature was observed and recorded. Then the test tube was placed in the ice bath. Then, the thermometer was stirred inside the test tube continuously while the temperature was recorded every 30 seconds until the temperature was consistent again for 5 consecutive readings. The same procedure was repeated a second time, though this time with some salt in the test tube. Another ice bath was prepared in a 100ml beaker filling it halfway with distilled water and a pinch of salt. An 1/8 teaspoon of iodized salt with distilled water filled up another test tube. The initial temperature was recorded until a consistent temperature was observed. Then, the test tube was placed in the ice bath, while the thermometer was stirred inside the test tube recording the temperature at 30 second intervals until a consistent temperature was observed. Initially, the temperature of the salt water mixture did not decrease substantially so another 1/8 teaspoon of iodized salt was added. The second property we observed was osmotic pressure. A 6 inch piece of dialysis tubing was placed in room temperature water for 30 minutes to soak. One end of the tubing was sealed off by tying the end in a knot. Then the tubing was filled 2/3 full with light Karo syrup and the other end was tied shut leaving some space to expand. Then the tubing was placed in distilled water over a period of several hours and recorded and observed. The last experiment also observed osmosis. An ordinary large white egg was placed in a quart size mason jar filled half  way with white vinegar and the lid screwed shut. Then, it soaked for 24 hours and was rinsed off with distilled water. The jar was rinsed out as well and refilled half the mason jar with light Karo syrup. The egg was placed back in the jar with the Karo syrup with the lid shutThe egg’s changes were observed and recorded over several days. Temperatures for the Ice Bath experiment: Answers to Lab Questions Part 1 B. The freezing point of the pure water is -2 degrees while the freezing point of the salt solution is -5 degrees. C. The salt solution has a lower freezing point because water is the only thing that freezes, so the salt is left behind. Molecules must enter and leave the solid phase at the same rate. This occurs at a lower temperature for the solution because of the vapor pressure. D. Some practical applications of cognitive properties include salting the roads in the winter. The salt lowers the freezing point of snow/ice, so it takes a lower temperature for roads to freeze over. Antifreeze in a car can be used to lower the freezing temperature and also it can be used to raise the boiling point so cars will not overheat in the summer months. Freeze drying is an example of vapor pressure lowering. The vapor pressure of the surrounding air is lowered, and it causes the surrounding air to take heat from the substance which then freezes which preserves perishable materials. Part 2 A. The dialysis bag is comparable to a cell membrane. It allows water and small particles through, while stopping large particles from passing through. It is different from a cell membrane because a cell membrane uses many processes to transport materials across the membrane including active transport and passive transport, while the dialysis tubing simply uses diffusion. B. The Karo syrup is hypertonic to the egg. Th concentration is higher outside the egg than inside, so the water moves outside of the egg. C. N=MRT 8.34 mmHg osmotic pressure 23.6 degrees Celcius 0.5 L of solution containing 0.302 grams of antibiotic 8.34 mmHg * 1atm/760 mmHG = 0.01097 atm 0.01097 atm = M (0.0821) (23.6 +273 = 296.6 K) M = 0.01097atm/(0.0821*296.6K) M = 0.01097atm/24.35086 M = 4.505X 10-4 moles of antibiotic Moles = molarity X Volume (4.505 X 10-4 moles/L) X (0.5 L) = 2.2525 X 10-4 moles 0.302g/2.2525 X 10-4 moles = 1340g/mole Results/Analysis: The freezing point of the solution was -5 degrees, while the freezing point of the pure water was -3 degrees, This is a 2 degrees difference in the freezing points. This supports the hypothesis that solutions have lower freezing points. The freezing point depression is a colligative property used to calculate the molar mass of a substance. However, It was not possible to calculate the molar mass of our substance because with a home lab kit there was no weighing involved. We were still able to record and determine the freezing point of both distilled water as well as salt water. Given more tools to properly execute the experiment, we would have come out with more accurate result and complete results. For the Karo syrup experiment, after several hours of observing the Karo syrup in the dialysis tubing. The tubing swelled up some, however too much Karo syrup was placed in the bag and there was not much room left to swell. The egg was placed in vinegar and the shell completely disappeared after about 24 hours. Then, when placed in Karo syrup for a 48 hours, the egg’s mass appeared smaller. The water inside the egg moved out into the surrounding solution, therefore making the egg’s mass smaller. Conclusion: The freezing point depression was observed for pure water as well as salt water. The salt water ice bath had a lower freezing point which supports our original hypothesis. Osmotic pressure was observed both in the egg experiment and in the dialysis tubing experiment. The egg lost its water content and the dialysis tubing swelled up. Even though the basic  colligative properties were demonstrated with these experiments, more accurate results would have been obtained in a more controlled environment. Knowing the weight of the salt would have been helpful in determining the molecular mass.